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Properties of substance:
iodine
Group of substances:
inorganic
Physical appearance:
crystals
Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):
I
2
Structural formula as text:
I2
Molar/atomic mass: 253.81
Melting point (°C):
113.5
Boiling point (°C):
184.3
Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):
1,2-dichloroethane
: 5.43 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
1-hexanol
: very soluble [
Ref.
]
10% aqueous potassium iodide solution: 160 (20°C) [
Ref.
]
10% aqueous sodium iodide solution: 0.96 (20°C) [
Ref.
]
2,2-dimethylbutane
: 1.369 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
2-butanol
: 9.7 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
acetaldehyde
: soluble [
Ref.
]
acetic acid
: 1.76 (20°C) [
Ref.
]
acetic acid
: 2.78 (30°C) [
Ref.
]
acetone
: 2.73 (-84°C) [
Ref.
]
acetone
: 6.76 (-75°C) [
Ref.
]
acetone
: 8.83 (-70.5°C) [
Ref.
]
acetone
: 15.06 (-54.75°C) [
Ref.
]
acetone
: 13.5 (-53.5°C) [
Ref.
]
acetone
: 8.6 (-44.5°C) [
Ref.
]
acetone
: 5.3 (-30°C) [
Ref.
]
acetone
: 4.25 (-18°C) [
Ref.
]
acetone
: 2.66 (-5°C) [
Ref.
]
acetone
: 2.56 (0°C) [
Ref.
]
allyl iodide
: soluble [
Ref.
]
allyl isothiocyanate
: soluble [
Ref.
]
ammonia liquid
: soluble [
Ref.
]
amyl alcohol
: very soluble [
Ref.
]
aniline
: soluble [
Ref.
]
arsenic trichloride
: very soluble [
Ref.
]
arsenic trichloride
: 8.42 (0°C) [
Ref.
]
arsenic trichloride
: 11.88 (15°C) [
Ref.
]
arsenic trichloride
: 36.89 (96°C) [
Ref.
]
benzene
: 16.4 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
benzene
: 19.19 (30°C) [
Ref.
]
benzene
: 25.08 (40°C) [
Ref.
]
benzene
: 34.25 (50°C) [
Ref.
]
benzonitrile
: very soluble [
Ref.
]
bromoethane
: 14.6 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
bromoform
: 3.33 (5.6°C) [
Ref.
]
bromoform
: 7.07 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
carbon dioxide liquid
: 0.0232 (-21°C) [
Ref.
]
carbon dioxide liquid
: 0.1759 (20°C) [
Ref.
]
carbon disulphide
: 8.57 (0°C) [
Ref.
]
carbon disulphide
: 17.1 (20°C) [
Ref.
]
carbon disulphide
: 20.4 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
carbon disulphide
: 33.7 (40°C) [
Ref.
]
carbon tetrachloride
: 2.9 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
chloroform
: 0.089 (-60°C) [
Ref.
]
chloroform
: 0.404 (-25°C) [
Ref.
]
chloroform
: 1.24 (0°C) [
Ref.
]
chloroform
: 2.63 (20°C) [
Ref.
]
chloroform
: 3.092 (24°C) [
Ref.
]
cyclohexane
: 2.79 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
diethyl ether
: 15.1 (-108°C) [
Ref.
]
diethyl ether
: 20 (17°C) [
Ref.
]
diethyl ether
: 33.73 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
diethylene glycol
: soluble [
Ref.
]
dimethylamine
: very soluble [
Ref.
]
dimethylformamide
: 25 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
dimethylsulfoxide
: very soluble [
Ref.
]
ethanol
: 20 (15°C) [
Ref.
]
ethanol
: 27.17 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
ethyl acetate
: 12.49 (8°C) [
Ref.
]
ethyl acetate
: 15.7 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
ethyl acetate
: 19.26 (30°C) [
Ref.
]
ethylene glycol
: soluble [
Ref.
]
fluorine liquid
: insoluble [
Ref.
]
furfural
: soluble [
Ref.
]
glycerol
: 0.97 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
glycerol 86.5%
: 0.47 (20°C) [
Ref.
]
heptane
: 1.73 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
heptane
: 4.38 (50°C) [
Ref.
]
hexane
: 13.9 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
hydrazine
: reaction [
Ref.
]
hydrogen chloride liquid anhydrous
: soluble [
Ref.
]
hydrogen fluoride
: insoluble [
Ref.
]
i-butanol
: 9.7 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
iodine pentafluoride
: soluble [
Ref.
]
kerosene: soluble [
Ref.
]
mesitylene
: 25.31 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
methanol
: 23.35 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
methyl acetate
: soluble [
Ref.
]
methyl nitrate
: soluble [
Ref.
]
methyl salicylate
: soluble [
Ref.
]
methylamine
: very soluble [
Ref.
]
methylene iodide
: very soluble [
Ref.
]
nitrobenzene
: 4.22 (16°C) [
Ref.
]
nitrogen dioxide
: very soluble [
Ref.
]
p-xylene
: 19.83 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
pentane
: 0.605 (0°C) [
Ref.
]
pentane
: 1.377 (19°C) [
Ref.
]
perfluoro-n-heptane
: 0.0119 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
perfluoro-n-heptane
: 0.0187 (35°C) [
Ref.
]
perfluorotributylamine
: 0.008776 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
perfluorotributylamine
: 0.01445 (35°C) [
Ref.
]
perfluorotributylamine
: 0.02547 (45°C) [
Ref.
]
propionitrile
: 14.1 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
quinoline
: soluble [
Ref.
]
sulfur dichloride
: soluble [
Ref.
]
sulfur dioxide
: soluble [
Ref.
]
sulfur monochloride
: soluble [
Ref.
]
sulfuric acid 83%
: 0.36 [
Ref.
]
sulfuryl chloride
: soluble [
Ref.
]
toluene
: 18.25 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
triethylene glycol
: soluble [
Ref.
]
trimethylamine
: sparingly soluble [
Ref.
]
valeric acid
: soluble [
Ref.
]
water
: 0.016 (0°C) [
Ref.
]
water
: 0.028 (20°C) [
Ref.
]
water
: 0.034 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
water
: 0.0549 (40°C) [
Ref.
]
water
: 0.096 (60°C) [
Ref.
]
water
: 0.45 (100°C) [
Ref.
]
Numerical data:
Year of discovery: 1811
Triple point temperature (°C): 116
Triple point pressure (torr): 90
Density:
4.94 (20°C, g/cm
3
)
4.866 (60°C, g/cm
3
)
3.96 (120°C, g/cm
3
)
Reactions:
[
Ref.1
,
Ref.2
]
I
2
+ 5F
2
→ 2IF
5
Yeild 75-84%. [
Ref.1
]
C
6
H
5
NH
2
+ I
2
+ NaHCO
3
→ IC
6
H
4
NH
2
+ NaI + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Yeild 95%. [
Ref.1
]
CH
2
=CHCH=CH
2
+ I
2
→ ICH
2
CH=CHCH
2
I
Yeild 100%. [
Ref.1
]
2KCNO + 2I
2
+ H
2
SO
4
→ 2I
2
C=NOH + K
2
SO
4
Yeild 80%. [
Ref.1
]
KCN + I
2
→ ICN + KI
[
Ref.1
]
Hg + I
2
→ HgI
2
[
Ref.1
]
Fe + I
2
+ 4H
2
O → FeI
2
* 4H
2
O
[
Ref.1
]
2Au + I
2
+ 2KI → 2K[AuI
2
]
[
Ref.1
,
Ref.2
]
SO
2
+ I
2
+ 2H
2
O → H
2
SO
4
+ 2HI
[
Ref.1
,
Ref.2
,
Ref.3
,
Ref.4
,
Ref.5
,
Ref.6
]
H
2
+ I
2
→ 2HI
[
Ref.1
,
Ref.2
,
Ref.3
,
Ref.4
]
2P + 5I
2
+ 8H
2
O → 2H
3
PO
4
+ 10HI
[
Ref.1
,
Ref.2
,
Ref.3
]
H
2
S + I
2
→ 2HI + S
[
Ref.1
]
2N
3
CSSNa + I
2
→ N
3
C(S)SSC(S)N
3
+ 2NaI
[
Ref.1
]
2Sb + 3I
2
→ 2SbI
3
[
Ref.1
]
I
2
+ Cl
2
→ 2ICl
[
Ref.1
]
I
2
+ 3Cl
2
→ 2ICl
3
[
Ref.1
]
AuCl
3
+ 2I
2
→ AuI + 3ICl
[
Ref.1
]
KI + I
2
→ KI
3
[
Ref.1
]
I
2
+ 2AgClO
4
→ AgI + IClO
4
* AgClO
4
[
Ref.1
]
KI + I
2
+ H
2
O → KI
3
* H
2
O
Half-life:
108
53
I = 26.4 ms (α (about 99.50%), p (about 0.5%) )
109
53
I = 92.8 μs (p (99.986%), α (0.014%))
110
53
I = 664 ms (β
+
(83%), α (17%), β
+
p (11%), β
+
α (1.1%))
111
53
I = 2.5 s (β
+
(about 100%), α (about 0.1%))
112
53
I = 3.34 s (β
+
(about 100%), α (0.0012%), β
+
p (0.88%))
113
53
I = 6.6 s (β
+
(100%), α (0.000000331%))
114
53
I = 2.1 s (β
+
(100%))
114m
53
I = 6.2 s (β
+
(91%), internal transition (9%))
115
53
I = 1.3 min (β
+
(100%))
116
53
I = 2.91 s (β
+
(100%))
116m
53
I = 3.27 μs (internal transition (100%))
117
53
I = 2.22 min (β
+
(100%))
118
53
I = 13.7 min (β
+
(100%))
118m
53
I = 8.5 min (β
+
(100%))
119
53
I = 19.1 min (β
+
(51%), electron capture (49%))
120
53
I = 81.6 min (β
+
(100%))
120m
53
I = 228 ns (internal transition (100%))
120n
53
I = 53 min (β
+
(100%))
121
53
I = 2.12 h (β
+
(100%))
121m
53
I = 9.0 μs (internal transition (100%))
122
53
I = 3.63 min (β
+
(100%))
123
53
I = 13.2235 h (β
+
(100%))
124
53
I = 4.1760 d (β
+
(100%))
125
53
I = 59.400 d (electron capture (100%))
126
53
I = 12.93 d (β
+
(52.7%), β
-
(47.3%))
127
53
I = stable ( (isotopic abundance 100%))
128
53
I = 24.99 min (β
-
(93.1%), β
+
(6.9%))
128m
53
I = 845 ns (internal transition (100%))
128n
53
I = 175 ns (internal transition (100%))
129
53
I = 15 700 000 y (β
-
(100%))
130
53
I = 12.36 h (β
-
(100%))
131
53
I = 8.0252 d (β
-
(100%))
132
53
I = 2.295 h (β
-
(100%))
132m
53
I = 1.387 h (internal transition (86%), β
-
(14%))
133
53
I = 20.83 h (β
-
(100%))
133m
53
I = 9 s (internal transition (100%))
133n
53
I = 170 ns (internal transition (100%))
133p
53
I = 780 ns (internal transition (100%))
133q
53
I = 469 ns (internal transition (100%))
134
53
I = 52.5 min (β
-
(100%))
134m
53
I = 3.52 min (internal transition (97.7%), β
-
(2.3%))
135
53
I = 6.58 h (β
-
(100%))
136
53
I = 83.4 s (β
-
(100%))
136m
53
I = 46.9 s (β
-
(100%))
137
53
I = 24.13 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (7.76%))
138
53
I = 6.23 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (5.46%))
138m
53
I = 1.26 μs (internal transition (100%))
139
53
I = 2.280 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (9.74%))
140
53
I = 588 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (7.60%))
141
53
I = 420 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (21.2%))
142
53
I = 235 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n)
143
53
I = 182 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n)
144
53
I = 94 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n)
145
53
I = 89.7 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n)
146
53
I = 94 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n)
Vapour pressure (Torr):
0.000000001 (-104°C)
0.00000001 (-95°C)
0.0000001 (-85°C)
0.000001 (-74°C)
0.00001 (-61.3°C)
0.0001 (-46.9°C)
0.001 (-30.2°C)
0.01 (-10.8°C)
0.03 (0°C)
0.1 (12.1°C)
0.131 (15°C)
0.31 (25°C)
1 (39.4°C)
2.154 (50°C)
10 (73.2°C)
15.15 (80.4°C)
87 (113.8°C)
100 (115.8°C)
142.9 (127.1°C)
505.5 (169.4°C)
764.2 (184.4°C)
Electrode potential:
I
2
(ж.) + 2e
-
→ 2I
-
, E = 0.536 V (water, 25°C)
Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation Δ
f
H
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
0 (s)
Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation Δ
f
G
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
0 (s)
Standard molar entropy S
0
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
116.15 (s)
Molar heat capacity at constant pressure C
p
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
54.43 (s)
Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation Δ
f
H
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
62.4 (g)
Standard molar entropy S
0
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
260.6 (g)
Molar heat capacity at constant pressure C
p
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
36.89 (g)
LD
50
(mg/kg):
1000 (mice, oral)
Critical temperature (°C):
553
References:
Comey A. M., Hahn D. A. A dictionary of Chemical Solubilities Inorganic. - 2 ed. - New York, The MacMillan Company, 1921. - pp. 408-416
Kaiho T. Iodine chemistry and applications. - Wiley, 2015
Seidell A. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.1. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1940. - pp. 654-678
Государственная фармакопея СССР. - 10-е изд. - М.: Медицина, 1968. - pp. 375-376 [Russian]
Гринвуд Н., Эрншо А. Химия элементов. - Т.2. - М.: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2008. - pp. 208 [Russian]
Гурвич Я.А. Справочник молодого аппаратчика-химика. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 48, 50 [Russian]
Девяткин В.В., Ляхова Ю.М. Химия для любознательных, или о чем не узнаешь на уроке. - Ярославль: Академия Холдинг, 2000. - pp. 29 [Russian]
Некрасов Б.В. Основы общей химии. - Т.1. - М.: Химия, 1973. - pp. 274-276 [Russian]
Позин М.Е. Технология минеральных солей (удобрений, пестицидов, промышленных солей, окислов и кислот). - Ч.1. - Л.: Химия, 1974. - pp. 237-256 [Russian]
Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 65 [Russian]
Реми Г. Курс неорганической химии. - Т.1. - М., 1963. - pp. 825-839 [Russian]
Скурихин И.М., Нечаев А.П. Все о пище с точки зрения химика. - М.: Высшая школа, 1991. - pp. 220-273 [Russian]
Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.1. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1961. - pp. 623-636 [Russian]
Справочник химика. - Т. 3. - М.-Л.: Химия, 1965. - pp. 303 [Russian]
Химическая технология неорганических веществ. - Кн.2, под ред. Ахметова Т.Г. - М.: Высшая школа, 2002. - pp. 343-365 [Russian]
Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 2. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. - pp. 251-252 [Russian]
Энциклопедия для детей. - Т.17: Химия. - М.: Аванта+, 2004. - pp. 83, 246-247 [Russian]
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© Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru