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Properties of substance:

hydrogen chloride

Synonyms:

hydrochloric acid

Group of substances:

inorganic

Physical appearance:

colorless gas

Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):

HCl

Structural formula as text:

HCl

Molar/atomic mass: 36.46

Melting point (°C):

-114.2

Boiling point (°C):

-85.08

Decomposition temperature (°C):

1500

Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):

1-butanol: 40.69 (25°C) [Ref.]
1-propanol: 49.2 (25.6°C) [Ref.]
2-butanol: 44.72 (25.5°C) [Ref.]
2-propanol: 53.23 (27.3°C) [Ref.]
acetic acid: 11.48 (11°C) [Ref.]
acetic acid: 10.02 (16°C) [Ref.]
acetic acid: 7.34 (27°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 1.9 (20°C) [Ref.]
benzylic alcohol: 24.29 (19.9°C) [Ref.]
butyl acetate: 17.45 (19.7°C) [Ref.]
butyric acid: 6.29 (21.3°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 0.39 (20°C) [Ref.]
chloroacetic acid: 1.15 (49°C) [Ref.]
chloroform: 0.55 (20°C) [Ref.]
cyclohexane: 0.63 (20°C) [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 55.28 (0°C) [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 43.58 (10°C) [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 33.16 (20°C) [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 24.18 (30°C) [Ref.]
dimethylsulfoxide: very soluble [Ref.]
ethanol: 77.67 (0°C) [Ref.]
ethanol abs.: 69.5 (20°C) [Ref.]
ethyl acetate: 21.1 (20.4°C) [Ref.]
ethyl formane: 10.58 (24.3°C) [Ref.]
formic acid: 6.5 (8.1°C) [Ref.]
formic acid: 4.76 (22.5°C) [Ref.]
formic acid: 2.62 (42.9°C) [Ref.]
hydrogen fluoride : insoluble [Ref.]
i-butanol: 41.28 (24.3°C) [Ref.]
methanol: 105.3 (0°C) [Ref.]
methanol: 88.7 (18°C) [Ref.]
methanol: 75.4 (31.7°C) [Ref.]
methyl acetate: 24.82 (19°C) [Ref.]
methylene chloride: 1.39 (-10°C) [Ref.]
methylene chloride: 0.794 (0°C) [Ref.]
methylene chloride: 0.568 (25°C) [Ref.]
nitrogen(II) oxide liquid: 40.4 (-132°C) [Ref.]
nitrogen(II) oxide liquid: 81.2 (-124°C) [Ref.]
propionic acid: 6.84 (17°C) [Ref.]
propionic acid: 6.2 (23.3°C) [Ref.]
sulfolane: 9.3 (25°C) [Ref.]
sulfuric acid: 0.4015 (25°C) [Ref.]
trichloroacetic acid: 0.33 (66.7°C) [Ref.]
water: 96 (-18.3°C) [Ref.]
water: 93.31 (-15°C) [Ref.]
water: 89.79 (-10°C) [Ref.]
water: 82.3 (0°C) [Ref.]
water: 78.7 (10°C) [Ref.]
water: 72.47 (20°C) [Ref.]
water: 67.3 (30°C) [Ref.]
water: 63.3 (40°C) [Ref.]
water: 59.6 (50°C) [Ref.]
water: 56.1 (60°C) [Ref.]

Multicomponent solubility (in wt%):

water 81.515%, silver chloride 0.067%, hydrochloric acid 18.418%, 25 °C [Ref.]
water 94.94%, calcium sulfate 1.5%, hydrochloric acid 3.56%, 25 °C, separating phase: CaSO4 * 2H2O [Ref.]
water 89.%, calcium sulfate 1.85%, hydrochloric acid 9.15%, 25 °C, separating phase: CaSO4 * 2H2O [Ref.]
water 74.86%, calcium sulfate 0.88%, hydrochloric acid 24.26%, 25 °C, separating phase: CaSO4 * 2H2O [Ref.]
water 68.75%, calcium sulfate 0.64%, hydrochloric acid 30.61%, 25 °C, separating phase: CaSO4 [Ref.]
water 74.62%, barium chloride 24.02%, hydrochloric acid 1.36%, 30 °C [Ref.]
water 79.79%, barium chloride 15.2%, hydrochloric acid 5.01%, 30 °C [Ref.]
water 84.17%, barium chloride 2.4%, hydrochloric acid 13.43%, 30 °C [Ref.]
water 82.7%, barium chloride 0.38%, hydrochloric acid 16.92%, 30 °C [Ref.]
water 79.38%, barium chloride 0.%, hydrochloric acid 20.62%, 30 °C [Ref.]
water 40.52%, hydrochloric acid 24.55%, cesium chloride 34.93%, 0 °C [Ref.]
water 35.58%, hydrochloric acid 22.02%, cesium chloride 42.4%, 25 °C [Ref.]
water 90.77%, hydrochloric acid 9.09%, lead(II) chloride 0.14%, 20 °C [Ref.]
water 79.36%, hydrochloric acid 19.84%, lead(II) chloride 0.8%, 20 °C [Ref.]
water 69.71%, hydrochloric acid 27.89%, lead(II) chloride 2.4%, 20 °C [Ref.]
water 57.411%, silver chloride 5.103%, hydrochloric acid 37.486%, 20 °C [Ref.]
water 10.93%, sulfuric acid 89.%, hydrochloric acid 0.07%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 22.39%, sulfuric acid 77.5%, hydrochloric acid 0.11%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 25.68%, sulfuric acid 73.7%, hydrochloric acid 0.62%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 31.35%, sulfuric acid 65.4%, hydrochloric acid 3.25%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 34.34%, sulfuric acid 59.4%, hydrochloric acid 6.26%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 40.4%, sulfuric acid 44.6%, hydrochloric acid 15.%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 46.6%, sulfuric acid 30.8%, hydrochloric acid 22.6%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 50.6%, sulfuric acid 20.9%, hydrochloric acid 28.5%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 54.%, sulfuric acid 12.8%, hydrochloric acid 33.2%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 55.06%, sulfuric acid 8.04%, hydrochloric acid 36.9%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 56.05%, sulfuric acid 4.75%, hydrochloric acid 39.2%, 17 °C [Ref.]
water 58.24%, sulfuric acid 1.86%, hydrochloric acid 39.9%, 17 °C [Ref.]

Properties of solutions:

2,364% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.01 (20°)
4,388% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.02 (20°)
5,408% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.025 (20°)
6,433% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.03 (20°)
10% (wt.), solvent - water




  Dynamic viscosity (mPa·s) = 1.161 (20°)
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.0476 (20°)
  Surface Tension (mN/m) = 72.25 (20°)
  Index of refraction = 1.3561 (20°)
  Freezing point (°C) = -15.4
  Thermal conductivity (W/m·K) = 29.3 (20°)

  Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm) = 630.2 (18°)
10,52% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.05 (20°)
12,51% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.06 (20°)
14,49% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.07 (20°)
16,47% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.08 (20°)
17,45% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.085 (20°)
18,43% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.09 (20°)
20% (wt.), solvent - water
  Surface Tension (mN/m) = 71.44 (20°)
  Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm) = 761.5 (18°)
20,39% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.1 (20°)
23% (wt.), solvent - water
  Freezing point (°C) = -74.7
30% (wt.), solvent - water
  Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm) = 662. (18°)
31,14% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.155 (20°)
36% (wt.), solvent - water
  Dynamic viscosity (mPa·s) = 2.002 (20°)
  Molality (moles of solute per kg of solvent) = 15.427
  Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution) = 11.642
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.1791 (20°)
  Index of refraction = 1.4158 (20°)
36,63% (wt.), solvent - water



36,9% (wt.), solvent - water

38,32% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.19 (20°)
40% (wt.), solvent - water



  Density (g/cm3) = 1.198 (20°)
  Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm) = 515.2 (18°)

Numerical data:

Polarizability of molecules (nm3): 0.0031

Density:

1.469 (-166°C, g/cm3)
1.48 (-154.79°C, g/cm3)
1.265 (-112.4°C, g/cm3)
1.2347 (-101.5°C, g/cm3)
1.2038 (-90°C, g/cm3)
1.187 (-85.1°C, g/cm3)
0.0016391 (0°C, g/cm3)

Reactions of synthesis:

  1. [Ref.1, Ref.2]
    H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

Reactions:

  1. [Ref.1]
    2Ag + 2HCl → 2AgCl + H2
  2. [Ref.1]
    Au + HNO3 + 4HCl → H[AuCl4] + NO + 2H2O
  3. Yeild 35-95%. [Ref.1aster]
    C10H8 + CH2O + HCl → C10H7CH2Cl + H2O
  4. Yeild 50-60%. [Ref.1]
    CH3OC6H5 + CH2O + HCl → CH3OC6H4CH2Cl + H2O
  5. Yeild 70%. [Ref.1]
    4HCl + O2 → 2Cl2 + 2H2O
  6. [Ref.1]
    HgO + 2HCl → HgCl2 + H2O
  7. [Ref.1]
    Sb2S3 + 6HCl → 2SbCl3 + 3H2S
  8. [Ref.1]
    Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
  9. [Ref.1]
    HCl + 3H2O → HCl * 3H2O
  10. [Ref.1aster]
    2Ga + 6HCl → 2GaCl3 + 3H2
  11. [Ref.1aster]
    NOHSO4 + HCl → NOCl + H2SO4
  12. [Ref.1aster, Ref.2aster]
    Na2HPO4 + 2HCl → H3PO4 + 2NaCl
  13. [Ref.1]
    2NaBH4 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + B2H6 + 2H2
  14. [Ref.1]
    K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl → 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H2O
  15. [Ref.1]
    Cu + 2HCl + 3H2NCSNH2 → [Cu(H2NCSNH2)3]Cl2 + H2
  16. [Ref.1]
    3C6H5OCH3 + (CH3CHO)3 + 3HCl → 3CH3OC6H4CHClCH3 + 3H2O

Refractive index (nD):

1.0004456 (0°C)
1.256 (-85.1°C)

Dissociation:

H0 (1) = -4.6 (25°C, water)
pKa (1) = 2.89 (25°C, 1-butanol)
pKa (1) = 3.35 (25°C, 1-hexanol)
pKa (1) = 3.89 (25°C, 1-heptanol)
pKa (1) = 3.83 (25°C, i-butanol)
pKa (1) = -7 (25°C, water)
pKa (1) = 4 (25°C, acetone)
pKa (1) = 5.4 (25°C, acetic acid)
pKa (1) = 3.6 (25°C, benzonitrile)
pKa (1) = 1.23 (25°C, methanol)
pKa (1) = 3.55 (25°C, dimethylformamide)
pKa (1) = 2 (25°C, dimethylsulfoxide)
pKa (1) = 2.9 (25°C, ammonia liquid )
pKa (1) = 0.89 (25°C, formic acid)
pKa (1) = 1.95 (25°C, ethanol)
pKa (1) = 13.32 (25°C, butyric acid)
pKa (1) = 5.4 (25°C, pyridine)

Permittivity (dielectric constant):

1.0046 (25°C)
14.2 (-114.02°C)

Dipole moment (D):

1.109

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

-91.8 (g)

Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

-94.79 (g)

Standard molar entropy S0 (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

186.8 (g)

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

29.13 (g)

Molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion ΔfusH (kJ/mol):

1.99

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization at boiling point ΔvapH (kJ/mol)

16.15 (l) [Ref.]

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ΔvapH (kJ/mol)

9.08 (l) [25°C] [Ref.]

Critical temperature (°C):

51.4

Critical pressure (MPa):

8.26

Critical density (g/cm3):

0.42

References:

  1. Inorganic Syntheses. - Vol. 1. - New York and London, 1939. - pp. 147-149
  2. Seidell A. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.1. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1940. - pp. 571-578
  3. Вредные вещества в промышленности: Справочник для химиков, инженеров и врачей. - 7-е изд., Т.3. - Л.: Химия, 1976. - pp. 41-42 [Russian]
  4. Девятых Г.Г., Зорин А.Д. Летучие неорганические гидриды особой чистоты. - М.: Наука, 1974. - pp. 179-190 [Russian]
  5. Левинский М.И, Мазанко А.Ф., Новиков И.Н. Хлористый водород и соляная кислота. - М.: Химия, 1985 [Russian]
  6. Лурье Ю.Ю. Справочник по аналитической химии. - М.: Химия, 1979. - pp. 91 [Russian]
  7. Неводные растворители. - М.: Химия, 1971. - pp. 81-83 [Russian]
  8. Некрасов Б.В. Основы общей химии. - Т.1. - М.: Химия, 1973. - pp. 256-259 [Russian]
  9. Промышленные хлорорганические продукты: Справочник. - М.: Химия, 1978. - pp. 636-638 [Russian]
  10. Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 110 [Russian]
  11. Реутов О.А., Курц А.Л., Бутин К.П. Органическая химия. - 2-е изд., Ч.1. - М.: Бином. Лаборатория знаний, 2005. - pp. 232 [Russian]
  12. Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.1. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1961. - pp. 343-344 [Russian]
  13. Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.2. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1962. - pp. 984-995 [Russian]
  14. Справочник химика. - Т. 3. - М.-Л.: Химия, 1965. - pp. 80, 322 [Russian]
  15. Успехи химии. - 1966. - Т.35, №11. - pp. 1936 [Russian]
  16. Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 4. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1995. - pp. 381-383 [Russian]
  17. Якименко Л.М. Производство хлора, каустической соды и неорганических хлорпродуктов. - М.: Химия, 1974. - pp. 464-514 [Russian]
  18. Якименко Л.М., Пасманик М.И. Справочник по производству хлора, каустической соды и основных хлорпродуктов. - 2 изд. - М.: Химия, 1976. - pp. 243-265 [Russian]

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    © Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru