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Properties of substance:

water



skc-file

Synonyms:

dihydrogen monoxide
hydrogen oxide

Group of substances:

inorganic

Physical appearance:

colorless liquid

Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):

H2O

Structural formula as text:

H2O

Molar/atomic mass: 18.02

Melting point (°C):

0

Boiling point (°C):

100

CAS №: 7732-18-5

Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):

1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane: 0.023 (0°C) [Ref.]
1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane: 0.0555 (25°C) [Ref.]
1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane: 0.06 (30°C) [Ref.]
1,1,1-trichloroethane: 0.0162 (0°C) [Ref.]
1,1,1-trichloroethane: 0.0339 (25°C) [Ref.]
1,1,1-trichloroethane: 0.042 (30°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane: 0.0584 (0°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane: 0.11 (25°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane: 0.132 (30°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane: 0.0008 (-30°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane: 0.0018 (-20°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane: 0.0022 (-10°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane: 0.0036 (0°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane: 0.0086 (20°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane: 0.009 (21°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane: 0.0154 (35°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2-trichloroethane: 0.062 (0°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2-trichloroethane: 0.119 (25°C) [Ref.]
1,1,2-trichloroethane: 0.159 (30°C) [Ref.]
1,1-dichloroethane: 0.046 (0°C) [Ref.]
1,1-dichloroethane: 0.0966 (25°C) [Ref.]
1,1-dichloroethane: 0.115 (30°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dibromoethane: 0.0657 (25°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dibromoethane: 0.0715 (30°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 0.00002 (-70°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 0.00005 (-60°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 0.0001 (-50°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 0.0002 (-40°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 0.0004 (-30°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 0.0009 (-20°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 0.0015 (-10°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 0.0027 (0°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 0.0071 (20°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: 0.0134 (35°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloroethane: 0.09 (0°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloroethane: 0.15 (20°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloroethane: 0.187 (25°C) [Ref.]
1,2-dichloroethane: 0.22 (30°C) [Ref.]
1-butanol: 25.11 (20°C) [Ref.]
1-octanol: 5.077 (2.41°C) [Ref.]
1-octanol: 5.084 (10.4°C) [Ref.]
1-octanol: 5.118 (20°C) [Ref.]
1-octanol: 5.141 (25.13°C) [Ref.]
1-octanol: 5.285 (35.66°C) [Ref.]
1-octanol: 5.704 (56.66°C) [Ref.]
1-octanol: 6.794 (96.5°C) [Ref.]
1-pentanol: 10.4 (20°C) [Ref.]
2-butanol: 58.7 (20°C) [Ref.]
2-heptanone: 2.2 (25°C) [Ref.]
2-pentanone: 3.7 (25°C) [Ref.]
aniline: 4.68 (16°C) [Ref.]
aniline: 5.13 (22°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 0.0451 (10°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 0.0573 (20°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 0.0746 (30°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 0.0953 (40°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 0.1271 (50°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 0.1637 (60°C) [Ref.]
bromine liquid: 0.029 [Ref.]
butyl acetate: 2.4 (20°C) [Ref.]
butyl acrylate: 0.7 [Ref.]
carbon dioxide liquid: very slightly soluble [Ref.]
carbon disulphide: 0.0086 (10°C) [Ref.]
carbon disulphide: 0.0142 (20°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 0.005 (0°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 0.00844 (20°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 0.0116 (25°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 0.0156 (30°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 0.0109 (30°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 0.0152 (40°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 0.0237 (50°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.0024 (-70°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.0042 (-60°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.0073 (-50°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.012 (-40°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.019 (-30°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.028 (-20°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.042 (-10°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.059 (0°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.082 (10°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.111 (20°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.147 (30°C) [Ref.]
chlorodifluoromethane: 0.191 (40°C) [Ref.]
chloroform: 0.053 (0°C) [Ref.]
chloroform: 0.0932 (25°C) [Ref.]
chloroform: 0.113 (30°C) [Ref.]
chloromethane: 0.003 (-60°C) [Ref.]
chloromethane: 0.006 (-50°C) [Ref.]
chloromethane: 0.01 (-40°C) [Ref.]
chlorotrifluoromethane: 0.00012 (-40°C) [Ref.]
chlorotrifluoromethane: 0.00026 (-30°C) [Ref.]
chlorotrifluoromethane: 0.00052 (-20°C) [Ref.]
chlorotrifluoromethane: 0.001 (-10°C) [Ref.]
chlorotrifluoromethane: 0.0018 (0°C) [Ref.]
chlorotrifluoromethane: 0.0024 (5°C) [Ref.]
chlorotrifluoromethane: 0.0031 (10°C) [Ref.]
chlorotrifluoromethane: 0.004 (15°C) [Ref.]
chlorotrifluoromethane: 0.0052 (20°C) [Ref.]
chlorotrifluoromethane: 0.0066 (25°C) [Ref.]
cyclohexane: 0.005 (14°C) [Ref.]
cyclohexane: 0.01 (19°C) [Ref.]
cyclohexane: 0.015 (28.5°C) [Ref.]
cyclohexane: 0.02 (32.5°C) [Ref.]
cyclohexane: 0.031 (38°C) [Ref.]
cyclohexane: 0.05 (53°C) [Ref.]
cyclohexanol: 11.27 (11°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.00001 (-70°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.00003 (-60°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.00008 (-50°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.0002 (-40°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.0004 (-30°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.0007 (-20°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.0014 (-10°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.0025 (0°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.0043 (10°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.0072 (20°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.0116 (30°C) [Ref.]
dichlorodifluoromethane: 0.0181 (40°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.0015 (-70°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.003 (-60°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.0052 (-50°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.009 (-40°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.015 (-30°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.023 (-20°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.036 (-10°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.054 (0°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.078 (10°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.112 (20°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.156 (30°C) [Ref.]
dichlorofluoromethane: 0.214 (40°C) [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 1.47 (20°C) [Ref.]
diisopropyl ether: 0.87 (20°C) [Ref.]
ethanol: miscible [Ref.]
ethyl acetate: 3.3 (20°C) [Ref.]
ethylbenzene: 0.33 (20°C) [Ref.]
furfural : 4.8 (20°C) [Ref.]
heptane: 0.015 (20°C) [Ref.]
hexane: 0.01 (20°C) [Ref.]
hydrogen chloride liquid anhydrous: insoluble [Ref.]
i-amyl alcohol: 10.6 (20°C) [Ref.]
isobutyl acrylate : 0.6 [Ref.]
isopentane: 0.0097 (20°C) [Ref.]
m-xylene: 0.03 (20°C) [Ref.]
methane liquid: 0.0068 (-161.2°C) [Ref.]
methanol: miscible [Ref.]
methyl ethyl ketone: 13.8 (20°C) [Ref.]
methyl tert-butyl ether: 1.5 (20°C) [Ref.]
methylal: 4.5 (16°C) [Ref.]
methylene chloride: 0.085 (0°C) [Ref.]
methylene chloride: 0.142 (20°C) [Ref.]
methylene chloride: 0.17 (25°C) [Ref.]
methylene chloride: 0.196 (30°C) [Ref.]
nitrobenzene: 0.19 (20°C) [Ref.]
nitrogen liquid: 0.00064 (-195.8°C) [Ref.]
nitromethane: 2 (20°C) [Ref.]
octane: 0.014 (20°C) [Ref.]
oxygen liquid: 0.00057 (-183°C) [Ref.]
p-cresole: 16.3 (37.1°C) [Ref.]
p-cresole: 28.7 (110.8°C) [Ref.]
p-cresole: 64 (142.5°C) [Ref.]
p-cresole: miscible (142.6°C) [Ref.]
pentachloroethane: 0.0162 (0°C) [Ref.]
pentachloroethane: 0.0347 (25°C) [Ref.]
pentachloroethane: 0.0414 (30°C) [Ref.]
pentane: 0.012 (20°C) [Ref.]
perfluoro-n-heptane: 0.0022 (25°C) [Ref.]
perfluoro-n-heptane: 0.0054 (50°C) [Ref.]
styrene: 0.032 (6°C) [Ref.]
styrene: 0.066 (25°C) [Ref.]
styrene: 0.101 (40°C) [Ref.]
styrene: 0.123 (51°C) [Ref.]
sulfur dioxide: soluble [Ref.]
tetrachloroethene: 0.00448 (10°C) [Ref.]
tetrachloroethene: 0.00725 (20°C) [Ref.]
tetrachloroethene: 0.01135 (30°C) [Ref.]
tetrachloroethene: 0.01729 (40°C) [Ref.]
tetrachloroethene: 0.02564 (50°C) [Ref.]
toluene: 0.0335 (10°C) [Ref.]
toluene: 0.045 (20°C) [Ref.]
toluene: 0.06 (30°C) [Ref.]
toluene: 0.0733 (40°C) [Ref.]
toluene: 0.0953 (50°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.00004 (-70°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.00009 (-60°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.0002 (-50°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.0004 (-40°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.0007 (-30°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.0013 (-20°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.0022 (-10°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.0036 (0°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.0056 (10°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.0086 (20°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.013 (30°C) [Ref.]
trichlorofluoromethane: 0.018 (40°C) [Ref.]
valeric acid: 10.6 (16°C) [Ref.]

Interatomic distances and bond angles:

Interatomic distances (in pm): 95,7 (H-O)
Bond angles (in degrees): 104,5 (H-O-H)

Numerical data:

Polarizability of molecules (nm3): 0.00145
Magnetic susceptibility (mm3/kg): -0.7199
Ionization Potentials (Electronvolts): 12.6

Density:

0.999841 (0°C, g/cm3)
0.9999 (1°C, g/cm3)
0.999941 (2°C, g/cm3)
0.999965 (3°C, g/cm3)
0.99997 (4°C, g/cm3)
0.999965 (5°C, g/cm3)
0.9997 (10°C, g/cm3)
0.9982 (20°C, g/cm3)
0.9971 (25°C, g/cm3)
0.99565 (30°C, g/cm3)
0.99403 (35°C, g/cm3)
0.99221 (40°C, g/cm3)
0.99022 (45°C, g/cm3)
0.98804 (50°C, g/cm3)
0.9857 (55°C, g/cm3)
0.98321 (60°C, g/cm3)
0.98056 (65°C, g/cm3)
0.97777 (70°C, g/cm3)
0.97486 (75°C, g/cm3)
0.9718 (80°C, g/cm3)
0.96862 (85°C, g/cm3)
0.96531 (90°C, g/cm3)
0.96189 (95°C, g/cm3)
0.95836 (100°C, g/cm3)

Reactions of synthesis:

  1. [Ref.1]
    2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Reactions:

  1. [Ref.1]
    2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2
  2. [Ref.1]
    2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
  3. [Ref.1]
    Zn + H2O → ZnO + H2
  4. [Ref.1, Ref.2]
    Fe + H2O → FeO + H2
  5. [Ref.1]
    Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2
  6. [Ref.1]
    2Cs/Hg + 2H2O → 2CsOH + H2 + 2Hg
  7. [Ref.1]
    WOCl4 + 3H2O → H2WO4 + 4HCl
  8. Yeild 95%. [Ref.1]
    C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH
  9. [Ref.1]
    4Fe + 6H2O + 3O2 → 4Fe(OH)3
  10. [Ref.1]
    2BCl3 + 6H2O → 2H3BO3 + 6HCl
  11. [Ref.1, Ref.2]
    2H2O + 2F2 → 4HF + O2
  12. [Ref.1]
    Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
  13. [Ref.1]
    BiCl3 + H2O → BiOCl + 2HCl
  14. [Ref.1]
    C + H2O → CO + H2
  15. [Ref.1]
    2H2O → 2H2 + O2
  16. [Ref.1]
    N2O5 + H2O → 2HNO3
  17. [Ref.1, Ref.2]
    CaC2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
  18. [Ref.1]
    SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
  19. [Ref.1]
    Ga2S3 + 6H2O → 2Ga(OH)3 + 3H2S
  20. [Ref.1aster]
    P2O5 + 3H2O → 2H3PO4
  21. [Ref.1]
    I2O5 + H2O → 2HIO3
  22. [Ref.1, Ref.2]
    TlF3 + 3H2O → Tl(OH)3 + 3HF
  23. [Ref.1]
    NaNH2 + H2O → NaOH + NH3
  24. [Ref.1]
    Li2C2 + 2H2O → 2LiOH + C2H2
  25. [Ref.1aster, Ref.2]
    Cl2O + H2O → 2HClO

Refractive index (nD):

1.33369 (0°C)
1.33369 (10°C)
1.33299 (20°C)
1.3325 (25°C)
1.33194 (50°C)
1.32725 (60°C)

Vapour pressure (Torr):

0.03 (-50°C)
0.3 (-30°C)
0.8 (-20°C)
1 (-17.4°C)
1.9 (-10°C)
2.3 (-8°C)
2.8 (-6°C)
3.3 (-4°C)
3.9 (-2°C)
4.6 (0°C)
6.5 (5°C)
9.2 (10°C)
10 (11.2°C)
12.8 (15°C)
17.5 (20°C)
23.8 (25°C)
31.8 (30°C)
55.3 (40°C)
92.5 (50°C)
100 (51.6°C)
289.1 (75°C)
730 (98.9°C)
740 (99.3°C)
750 (99.6°C)
770 (100.4°C)
780 (100.7°C)
1520 (120°C)
3800 (151°C)
7600 (179°C)
38000 (263°C)
76000 (310°C)

Electrode potential:

O1 + 2H+ + 2e- → H2O, E = 2.421 V (water, 25°C)

Dissociation:

pKBH+ (1) = 0 (25°C, water)
pKa (1) = 15.7 (20°C, water)
pKa (1) = 31.2 (25°C, dimethylsulfoxide)
pKa (2) = 29 (25°C, water)

Permittivity (dielectric constant):

78.3 (25°C)

Dipole moment (D):

1.84 (20°C)

Viscosity (mPa·s):

1.792 (0°C)
1.308 (10°C)
1.005 (20°C)
0.894 (25°C)
0.801 (30°C)
0.656 (40°C)
0.549 (50°C)
0.469 (60°C)
0.406 (70°C)
0.3565 (80°C)
0.3165 (90°C)
0.284 (100°C)
0.26 (107°C)
0.22 (127°C)
0.18 (147°C)
0.16 (167°C)
0.14 (187°C)
0.13 (207°C)
0.12 (227°C)
0.11 (247°C)
0.1 (267°C)
0.094 (287°C)
0.086 (307°C)
0.079 (327°C)
0.071 (347°C)
0.042 (374°C)

Surface tension (mN/m):

75.62 (0°C)
74.2 (10°C)
72.75 (20°C)
71.15 (30°C)
69.55 (40°C)
67.9 (50°C)
66.17 (60°C)
64.41 (70°C)
62.6 (80°C)
60.74 (90°C)
58.84 (100°C)
56.97 (110°C)
54.96 (120°C)
52.9 (130°C)
52.79 (140°C)
48.68 (150°C)
46.51 (160°C)
44.38 (170°C)
42.19 (180°C)
40 (190°C)
37.77 (200°C)
35.51 (210°C)
33.21 (220°C)
30.88 (230°C)
28.52 (240°C)
26.13 (250°C)
23.73 (260°C)
21.33 (270°C)
18.94 (280°C)
16.6 (290°C)
14.29 (300°C)
12.04 (310°C)
9.84 (320°C)
7.69 (330°C)
5.61 (340°C)
3.64 (350°C)
2.71 (355°C)
1.85 (360°C)
1.68 (361°C)
1.53 (362°C)
1.07 (365°C)
0.42 (370°C)
0.31 (371°C)
0.2 (372°C)
0.1 (373°C)
0 (374.15°C)

Speed sound (m/s):

1482.7 (20°C, aggregative state - liquid)
494 (134°C, aggregative state - gas)

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH (298 K, kJ/mol)

-285.8 (l) [Ref.]
-241.8 (g) [Ref.]

Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG (298 K, kJ/mol)

-237.1 (l) [Ref.]
-228.6 (g) [Ref.]

Standard molar entropy S (298 K, J/(mol·K))

70 (l) [Ref.]
188.8 (g) [Ref.]

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp (298 K, J/(mol·K))

75.3 (l) [Ref.]
33.6 (g) [Ref.]

Enthalpy (heat) of fusion ΔfusH (kJ/mol)

6.01 (s) [Ref.]

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization at boiling point ΔvapH (kJ/mol)

40.65 (l) [Ref.]

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ΔvapH (kJ/mol)

43.98 (l) [Ref.]

References:

  1. Armarego W. L. F. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals. - 5ed. - 2003. - pp. 497
  2. Dean J.A. Lange's handbook of chemistry. - 1999. - pp. 5.87
  3. Holleman A.F., Wiberg E., Wiberg N. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie. - Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1995. - pp. 238
  4. Seidell A. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.1. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1940. - pp. 583-588
  5. Абрамзон А.А. Поверхностно-активные вещества: Свойства и применение. - Л.: Химия, 1981. - pp. 79 [Russian]
  6. Гордон А., Форд Р. Спутник химика. - М.: Мир, 1976. - pp. 462 [Russian]
  7. Девяткин В.В., Ляхова Ю.М. Химия для любознательных, или о чем не узнаешь на уроке. - Ярославль: Академия Холдинг, 2000. - pp. 46 [Russian]
  8. Некрасов Б.В. Основы общей химии. - Т.1. - М.: Химия, 1973. - pp. 131-147 [Russian]
  9. Неорганическая химия. - Под ред. Третьякова Ю.Д., Т.2. - М.: Academa, 2004. - pp. 16-23 [Russian]
  10. Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 59 [Russian]
  11. Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.1. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1961. - pp. 529 [Russian]
  12. Справочник химика. - Т. 3. - М.-Л.: Химия, 1965. - pp. 907 [Russian]
  13. Успехи химии. - 2006. - Т.75, №1. - pp. 64-85 [Russian]
  14. Физические величины. - Под ред. Григорьева И.С., Мейлихова Е.З. - М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1991. - pp. 138, 332, 370 [Russian]
  15. Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 1. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1988. - pp. 394-397 [Russian]
  16. Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 2. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. - pp. 393 [Russian]

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    © Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru